FIRST PATTERN : DO
DO : pada dasarnya tidak memiliki arti tergantung kalimat yang dibentuknya dan DO bisa juga memiliki arti melakukan atau membentuk kalimat sederhana “ Present tense “
A. DO dapat memiliki beberapa arti yaitu
- DO yang memiliki arti melakukan
Example : I do it myself
- DO yang memiliki arti sungguh** atau sangat
Example : I do love you.
B. DO hanya dapat menggunakan subject : I, You, We, They, Plural
Positive form. Untuk membentuk kalimat positive pada DO, kita tak perlu menggunakan DO sebagai kata Bantu karena untuk mengetahui bahwa kalimat tersebut adalah kalimat DO maka cukup melihat subjectnya dan kata kerjanya saja.
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
è You wait here wait me
è I study hard for myaim
è We watch TV together
è They follow me to Palembang
è You come there with her
è People say that you ware clever
è Those cars stop here justnow
è They do their homework together
NOTE : Plural merupakan kata benda jamak. Pada dasarnya Do hanya dapat mengunakan subject yang bersifat jamak, tidak bisa menggunakan subject yang tunggal.
Negative formDalam bentuk negative kita dapat menggunakan do sebagai kata bantu yaitu kita menambahkan not setelah do manjadi do not atau disingkat menjadi Don’t yang artinya “TIDAK” dimana kalimat tersebut menjadi kalimat menyangkal atau menidakkan.
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + DO + + NOT + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
è I don’t know what you want
è You don’t understand english at all
è They don’t buy a present today
è We don’t hear what you say
è Those places don’t make me happy
è Many animals eat meat in her house
è I don’t love you
Introgative formDalam bentuk introgative atau tanya kita menggunakakan Do sebagai kaya bantu yaitu dengan cara meletakkan do diawal atau dibelakang kalimat yang mana artinya menjadi “APAKAH”
STRUCTUR
DO + SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
è Do you see mycat ?
è Do they know her name ?
è Do we need softdrink ?
è Do you all in tO work her ?
è Do you bath?
è Do I sleep here?
è Do we study in your home?
Answering :
è Yes, I do or No, I don’t
è Yes, They do or No, They don’t
è Yes, we do or No, we don’t
è Yes, you do or No, you don’t
SECOND PATTERN : DOES
DOES : sama artinya dengan DO yaitu melakukan, baik penggunaan atau cara pemakaiannya dalam kalimat juga sama dengan DO, yang membedakan hanya terletak pada penggunaan subject dan kata kerja.
A. SUBJECT yang dipakai pada pola DOES : He, She, It, Singular
Positive formSama seperti DO, DOES dalam bentuk positive juga tidak menggunakan DOES sebagai kata bantu. Yang mencirikannya adalah subject dan kata kerja, kata kerja yang digunakan harus ditambahkan s/es, penambahan s/ es hampir sama dengan pemberian s/es pada noun.
Tata cara penambahan s/es yaitu
1 Apabila kata kerja berakhiran huruf Sh, Ch, O, X, S, Ss maka harus ditambahkan es.
Example :
Ø Watch – Watces : Menonton
Ø Miss – Misses : Rindu
Ø Abash – Abashes : Memalukan. Etc
2 Apabila kata kerja berakhiran huruf y, maka y diubah menjadi i dan ditambahkan es.
Example :
Ø Fly – Flies : Terbang
Ø Fry – Fries : Menggoreng
Ø Cry – Cries : Menangis, etc
3 Apabila kata kerja berakhiran huruf F/Fe, maka F/Fe diubah menjadi V dan ditambahkan es
Example :
Ø Life – Lives : Hidup
4 Apabila kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf y, tetapi didahului oleh huruf vokal maka ditambahkan s saja
Example :
Ø Play – Plays : Bermain
Ø Pray – Prays : Berdo’a
Ø Pay – Pays : Membayar
5 Apabila diluar peraturan 1.2.3.4 maka kita hanya ditambahkan s, saja.
Example :
Ø Smoke – smokes : Merokok
Ø Look – Lookes : Melihat
Ø Wait – Waits : Menunggu
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + Verb 1 + S/ES + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Dia pergi kesekolah setiap hari
( She goes to school every day )
Ø Dia menangkap mangsanya
( He catches its prey )
Ø Santi meminjam sebuah pisau
( Santi borrows a knife )
Ø Adikmu mencoba mainan yang baru
( Your brother trys new toy )
Negative FormDalam bentuk ini, kita gunakan kata bantu DOES penambahannya s/es tidak digunakan lagi. Karena kita menggunakan Does + not sebagai kata bantu artinya sama dengan do
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + DOES + NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Dia tidak membakar sampah itu
( He does not burn that garbage / rubhish )
Ø Matahari tidak bersinar ketika hujan turun
( The Sun does not shine when rain fall down )
Ø Pamanku tidak mengatakan tentang berita itu
( My uncle does not say about that news )
Introgative formHampir sama dengan Do. Does dalam bentuk Intrgative juga diletakkan diawal atau diakhir kalimat yang menpunyai arti “APAKAH” dan kata kerja tidak perlu ditambahkan s/es
STRUCTUR
DOES + SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Does she love you?
Ø Does the car run fast?
Ø Does he make you happy?
Ø Does Rio kiss you?
Answering :
Ø Yes she does atau No she doesn’t
Ø Yes it does atau No it doesn’t
Ø Yes he does atau No he doesn’t
THIRD PATTERN : TOBE
TOBE (Is am are) artinya ada, berada, adalah. Is am are adalah tobe dalam bentuk biasa , berbentuk present atau bersifat umum
Dalam bahasa Inggris TOBE ada 7 , masing masing akan kita pelajari di pattern berikutnya.
Ada 5 bentuk yang dapat dibentuk oleh TOBE yaitu :
1. membentuk kata benda
2. membentuk kata sifat
3. membentuk kata keterangan
4. membentuk kalimat simple continouse tense
5. mambentuk kalimat passive
yang akan kita bahas di pattern ini yaitu no 1,2,3 saja karena no 4,5, akan dipelajari di pattern selanjutnya.
Positive Form
STRUCTURE :
I am |
She
He is
It
Singular + Non Verb + OBJECT + ADVVERB
 |
You
We are
They
Plural
1. NOUN
Bila Tobe bertemu dengan kata benda maka dia berarti “Apakah” . atau tidak memiliki arti atau tidak perlu diartikan
Example :
Ø I am GEC Student
Ø It is a love
Ø Sinta and Desy are my girl friend
2. ADJECTIVE
BILA Tobe bertemu dengan kata sifat maka Tobe memiliki arti sama seperti NOUN.
Example :
Ø We are strong enough
Ø My girlfriend is a faithfulman
Ø He is a responsibility man
Ø She is jelous to me
3. ADVERB
Bila Tobe bertemu dengan Adverb maka memiliki arti ada berada.
Example :
Ø I am here and she is there
Ø Rina is under the bayan tree everyday
Ø I am always at home before seven P.M
Negative Form
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + TOBE ( is am are ) + NOT + NONVERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
1. NOUN : dalam bentuk ini Tobe memiliki arti bukan
Example :
Ø She is not a singer
Ø I am not your friend
Ø We are not enemy
2.ADJECTIVE
Example :
Ø My father isn’t fat
Ø Everything isn’t good
Ø Mei isn’t arogant to me
3.ADVERB
Example :
Ø I am sorry I am not here when you come
Ø He is not here when I need him
Ø You aren’t beside me when I need you
Introgative Form
Untuk Introgative Form Tobe diletakkan diawal kalimat yang artinya apakah....
STRUCTUR
TOBE ( Is am are) + SUBJECT + NONVERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Is he a lawyer?
Ø Are you sure?
Ø Is everythinf well?
Ø Is she cut the tree?
Ø Am I right, mei?
Ø Are we in right position?
Answering
Ø Yes he is atau No he is not
Ø Yes I am atau No I am not
Ø Yes it is atau No it is not
Ø Yes we are atau No we are not
Negative introgative Form
STRUCTUR
TOBE ( Is am are) + NOT + SUBJECT + NONVERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Isn’t it a donkey?
Ø Aren’t they in london?
Ø Aren’t I nerveous?
Ø Aren’t you beautiful?
Answering
Ø Yes it isn’t atau No It is
Ø Yes They aren’t atau No They are
Ø Yes You aren’t atau No You are
Ø Yes I am not atau No I am
Catatan : Amn’t Tidak digunakan tapi diganti dengan Aren’t I
FOURTH PATTERN : AUXILIARRY
Auxiliarry adalah kata kerja bantu yang digunakan untuk melengkapi sebuah kalimat agar menjadi lebih sempurna.... kalimat auxiliarry selalu diikuti kata kerja pertama ( Verb 1 )
Macam macam Auxiliarry
1. can : dapat
2. may : boleh
3. must : harus
4. shall will : akan
5. tobe : ada
6. Dare : berani
7. need : butuh, perlu
8. do/does : melakukan
9. have / has : memiliki
10. would rather : sebaiknya
11. had better : lebih baik
12. ought to : seharusnya
13. used to : dulunya
aturan Auxiliarry
- bila terdapat kata kerja maka auxiliarry diletakkan sebelum kata kerja
- bila terdapat kata selain kata kerja maka kita tambahkan “Be “ setelah Auxiliarry
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + AUX + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
SUBJECT +AUX + BE + NONVERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I can speak english well
Ø You will be clever if you study hard
Ø You will be my boyfriend if you are patient
Ø She ought to embrace me?
Ø Septi use to be naughty
Ø My family had better be together forever
Ø He are my boyfriend
Ø His ungcle may come here
Negative FormUntuk membentuk kalimat negative dalam auxiliarry kita cukup menambahkan not setelah Auxiliarry
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + AUX + NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
SUBJECT +AUX + NOT + BE + NONVERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I don’t intend to come late
Ø I can’t understand your mind
Ø You may not leave from me
Cara menyingkat Auxiliarry dalam Negative Form yaitu
1. can : can’t
2. may : mayn’t
3. must : mustn’t
4. shall will : sha / won’t
5. tobe : telas dibahas di pattern sebelumnya
6. Dare : daren’t
7. need : needn’t
8. do/does : don’t /doesn’t
9. have / has : haven’t / hasn’t
10. would rather : wouldn’t rather
11. had better : hadn’t better
12. ought to : oughtn’t to
13. used to : didn’t use to
Introgative FormUntuk membentuk kalimat auxiliarry maka aux diletakkan di awal kalimat dan mempunyai arti kah / apakah
STRUCTUR
AUX + SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
AUX + SUBJECT + BE + NONVERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Can you remember me a moment?
Ø May I persuade you?
Ø Will we love forever?
Ø Must I be alone, All the time?
FIFTH PATTERN : INTROGATIVE FORM and
BASICAL TENSE
Kita akan mempelajari pola kalimat dengan menggunakan W.H Word. Atau Introgative Pronoun. Artinya kata ganti tanya , tetapi terlebih dahulu kita mempelajari Basical Tense atau disebut tenses dasar
Ada 5 tenses dasar yaitu :
- simple present tense
- simple past tense
- simple future tense
- simple continouse tense
- simple perfect tense
1. simple Present tense
bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang terjadi dan telah diketahui secara umum, berulang – ulang . merupakan kejadian kebiasaan dan telah diketahui oleh orang banyak...
Example :
Ø Everyday I read the news paper
Ø You can come to night with all your friend
Adverb yang digunakan dalam tenses ini ada dua yaitu
1. indefinite time
kata keterangan waktu yang tuidak tentu . letaknya dalam kalimat present setelah subject
Example :
Ø always : selalu
Ø ever : pernah
Ø seldom : jarang
Ø never : tak pernah
Ø often : Sering
Ø rurely : jarang
Ø sometimes : Kadang kadang
Ø soon : segera
Ø immediantly : jarang
Ø usually : biasanya
Example :
Ø she always remembers me everyday
Ø do you often read news paper every morning?
Ø She sometimes comes to my house
Ø My friend seldom finish her job
2. difinite time
kata keterangan waktu yang tentu. Letaknya dalam kalimat present yaitu diawal atau diakhir kalimat.
Example :
Ø today : hari ini
Ø to night : malam ini
Ø every morning : setiap pagi
Ø every Sunday : setiap pagi
Ø every once week : sekali dalam seminggu
Ø twice a month : dua kali dalam sebulan
Ø now : sekarang
Ø this afternoon : sore ini
Ø in the middle of the night: tengah malam
Ø on Sunday : hari minggu
Ø at 5 o’clock : jam lima
Ø every night : setiap malam
Example :
Ø everyday I read the newspaper to one house to another
Ø in the midle of night I meet many dog in your room
Ø you can come to night with all your friends
2. Simple Past Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang telah terjadi pada masa lampau dan peristiwa itu tidak ada hubungannya lagi pada masa sekarang. Kalimat simple past tense merupakan pola kalimat yang benar benar lampau ataupun naru saja terjadi tetapi kejadian itu tidak mungkin terulang kembali
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + VERB 2 + OBJECT + ADVERB
WAKTU VERB 2 UNTUK SEMUA SUBJECT
Example :
Ø I knew that matter today
Ø She met me in the hotel last night
STRUCTUR
Non Verb : S + Was/Were + Non Verb + O + Adverb
Example :
Ø She was in my house last morning
Ø My sister was born at september, 11th 1995
Negative FormUntuk membentuk negative pada bentuk waktu ini. Kita menggunakan “DID” sebagai kata bantu dan diletakkan setelah subject dan sebelum not
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + DID + NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø He stole my money yesterday ( +)
Ø He did not steal my money yesterday (-)
STRUCTUR
Non Verb : SUBJECT + WAS/ WERE + NOT + NON VERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I was not poor you again
Ø My mother was not kind
Introgative FormUntuk membentuk kalimat introgative dalam tenses ini adalah kita masih menggunakan kata bantu did dan kata bantu ini diletakkan diawal kalimat atau sebelum subject
STRUCTUR
DID + SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Did you borrow my book last week?
Ø Did they bent me last night?
Ø Did she kiss you yesterday
Ø Yes I did atau No I didm’t
Ø Yes they did atau No they did not
Ø Yes she did atau no she didi not
STRUCTUR
Non Verb : WAS / WERE + SUBJECT + NON VERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Were you there yesterday?
Ø Was I clever?
3. Future Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang akan terjadi pada masa yang akan datang.
STRUCTUR
( + ) SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
( - ) SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + NOT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
( ? ) SHALL / WILL + SUBJECT + VERB 1 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø ( + ) she shall bergain thet shoes
Ø ( - ) you will not overcome my problem
Ø ( ? ) will you blame me?
STRUCTUR
Non Verb
( + ) SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + BE + NON VERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
( - ) SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + BE + NOT + NON VERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
( ? ) SHALL / WILL + SUBJECT+ BE + NON VERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø ( + ) I wiil be hate you
Ø ( - ) I will not be hate you
Ø ( ? ) Will I be hate you?
Time and Place signal
1. Tomorrow : Besok
2. next day : Hari berikutnya
3. next month : bulan depan
4. next night : malam besok
5. next year : tahun depan
6. the day after tomorrow: lusa
7. tomorrow morning : besok pagi
4. Present Continouse Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada masa sekarang.
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + TOBE ( is am are ) + VERB + Ing + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I am listening to the radio
Ø My mother is cooking a cake
Ø The people are waiting for the bus
STRUCTUR
Non Verb : SUBJECT + TOBE ( is am are ) + BE Ing + NON VERB + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø She is being dilligent because of you
Ø We are being fat
Negative FormSTRUCTUR
SUBJECT + TOBE ( is am are ) + NOT + VERB + Ing + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I am not doing anything
Ø They are ot having dinner at this moment
Ø I am not thinking of any body
Introgative Form Untuk introgative kalimat pertanyaan Tobe kita letakkan diawal kalimat yang berarti
apakah . . . sedang . . .
STRUCTUR
TOBE ( is am are ) + SUBJECT + VERB + Ing + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Are you making something?
Ø Is she looking at us?
Ø Am I dreaming right now?
5. Present Perfect Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang telah terjadi pada masa lampau, tetapi masih berhubungan dengan masa sekarang. Untuk tenses ini kita menggunakan have dan has sebagai kata bantu. Memiliki pasangan subject sebagai berikut
a. Have : I, You, We, They , Plural
b. has : She, he, it, singular
dan menggunakan kata kata yang menendakanbentuk waktu ini
Ø For : selama
Ø Since : sejak
Ø Al ready : telah
Ø Has / have just : baru saja
Ø Just now : ( tadi )
Ø For a hour. : selama sejam
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + VERB 3 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Non Verb : S + Have / Has + BEEN + Npn Verb + O + ADVERB
Example :
Ø She has just moved to our town
Ø I have lived in Betung for twenty year
Ø You have opened the door. Haven’t you?
Ø He has already left us just morning
Negative FormSTRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + NOT + VERB 3 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Artinya bukan atau tidak
Example :
Ø I have not eaten. Yet?
Ø We have not understand your explanation , sir
Ø He has been stupid before you come here
Ø All my friends have had handphone except me
Ø I have loved her for two years
Introgative Form Untuk membentuk kalimat tanya pada pola ini kata bantu yang kita pakai kita letakkan ke awal, depan kalimat / sebelum subject dan artinya berubah menjadi “ APAKAH “
STRUCTUR
HAVE / HAS +SUBJECT + VERB 3 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Have you learnt it before you come here?
Ø Have the people killed him?
Ø Has thye answered all your questions?
Ø Have you ever kissed her?
Answering
Ø Yes I have atau No I haven’
Ø Yes they have atau No they haven’t
Ø Yes she has atau No she has not
Yes I have atau No I have not
INTROGATIVE PRONOUN
INTROGATIVE PRONOUN atau kata ganti penanya juga disebut dengan W.H Word yaitu kata ganti yang digunakan untuk menanyakan sesuatu dengan keterangan yang lebih lengkap atau informasi
W.H Word terdiri dari :
1. Who : Siapa
2. Whom : Siapa
3. Which : Yang mana
4. What : Apakah
5. Why : Mengapa
6. How : Bagaimana
7. When : kapan
8. Where : Dimana
9. Whose : Milik siapa
The General STRUCTURE
| W.H WORD | + | TOBE | + | S | + | VERB | + | OBJECT | + | ADVERB |
| AUX | NON VERB |
1. Who
- Introgative pronoun yang memiliki arti siapa
- Digunakan untuk menggantikan pertanyaan dari manusia sebagai subject kalimat
- Pada kalimat present tense dan past tense tidak mengikuti rumus umum di atas kecuali bentuk negative
- Bila kalimat dianggap tunggal pada kalimat present, maka kita menggunakan pola kedua tetapi jika dianggap jamak maka kita menggunakan pola ke satu
Example :
Ø Who helps me just now? Jhone help me
(Siapa yang menolongku tadi ?)
Ø Who looks at me? His mother looks at me.
(Siapa yang memandang saya?)
Ø Who talks inside? Her father tals inside
Ø Who gave this latter yesterday? The postman gave it yesterday
(Siapa yang memberikan surat ini kemarin ? )
Ø Who can help me? My friend can help you
(Siapa yang dapat menolong aku?)
Ø Who is she? She is my friend
Ø Who are you? I’m your boy friend
2. Whom
- Introgative pronoun yang mempunyai arti siapa
- Digunakan untuk menggantikan pronoun dari pada orang sebagai object.
- Untuk membuat pertanyaan dengan pola present atau pastkita menggunakan rumus umum
- Cara menjawab cukup menurunkan subject yang ada
Example :
Ø Whom did she visit last night?
Ø Whom do you wait for?
Ø Whom must we give with this money?
Answering :
Ø She visited his friend
Ø I wait for my mom
Ø We must give poorman
3. Which
- memiliki arti yang mana
- digunakan untuk menunjukan pilihan dua benda atau lebih
- peraturan pembentukan kalimat sama seperti rumus diatas (rumus umum)
Example :
Ø Which must we buy?
Ø Which do you like?
Ø Which is your girlfriend?
Answering :
Ø We must buy the big one
Ø I like the red one
Ø She is beautiful
- which dapat bertemu langsung dengan noun
Example :
Ø Which pen is yours?
Answering?
Ø There are red and black
4. What
- memiliki arti apa
- cara bertanya masih mengikuti rumus umum
Example :
Ø What do you need?
(Apa yang kita perlukan)
Ø What must I do?
(Apa yang harus saya lakukan)
Ø What do you know about love?
(Apa yang kamu ketahui tentang cinta?)
Ø What do you see from me?
(Apa yang kamu lihat dari saya?)
Answering :
Ø We need money
Ø You must . . .
Ø I see your eyes
Ø I don’t know
- what bisa langsung bertemu verb tertentu
Example :
Ø what make you sad?
Ø What causes jhon cries?
Ø What became her like that?
Answering :
Ø My girl friend leaves me
Ø His car has been stolen by his girl friend
Ø She is falling in love?
5. Why
- introgative pronoun yang memiliki arti mengapa
- digunakan untuk menanyakan suatu alasan atau sebab terjadinya suatu hal atau kejadian dan mempunyai arti mengapa yang memerlukan jawaban karena atau BECAUSE., . . . .
Example :
Ø Why I’m falling in love with you?
(engapa aku jatuh cinta kepadamu?)
Ø Why the sun must shine everyday?
(engapa matahari harus bersinar setiap hari?)
Ø Why we must go from here?
(Mengapa kita harus pergi dari sini?)
Ansering :
Ø Because you are playboy
Ø Because imposible, we must always being senter everyday
Ø Because we have been ordered by him, this is danger
Ø Because I don’t know
Example :
Ø Why do you kill me?
Mengapa kau membunuhku?
Ø Why do you refuse my love?
Mengapa kamu menolak cintaku?
Ø Why are you grazy?
Mengapa kamu gila?
Ø Why did you act like thar?
Mengapa kamu bertindak seperti itu?
Answering :
Ø Because I hate you
Ø Because I don’t love you
Ø Because I am not rich
Ø Because I love her
6. How
- mempunyai arti Bagaimana
- digunakan untuk menanyakan cara suatu pekerjaan, cara pembentkannya, mengikuti rumus umum
Example :
Ø how did you do it?
Bagaimana kamu melakukannya?
Ø How can you come here?
Bagaimana kamu datang kesini?
Ø How can we help him?
Bagaimana kami bisa menolongnya?
Answering :
Ø I did it by cheating with you
Ø I come here by taxi
Ø We give him money
- How dapat berpasangan dengan adjective seperti often, well, long, far, etc
Example :
Ø How deep your love to me?
Berapa dalam cintamu padaku?
Answering :
Ø My love is as deep as the sea
SIXTH PATTERN : CONTINOUED
ABOUT CONTINOUSE
Pada pola ke enam ini kita masih membahas tentang kalimat continouse tense dan yang akan kita bahas kalimat continouse yaitu tentang cara pembentukan VERB + ING dan peraturan peraturannya.
- pada dasarnya kata kerja langsung ditambahkan ing
Example :
Ø Work : Working : Bekerja
Ø Stand : Standing : Betdiri
Ø Watch : Watching : Menonton
Ø Walk : Walking : Berjalan
Ø Jump : Jumping : Melompat
- bila kata kerja dasar berakhiran dengan huruf mati dan sebelumnya terdapat huruf vocal maka cara penekanan pembacaannya terdapat pada suku kata terakhir dan suku kata terakhir harus kita doublekan lalu tambahkan ing
Example :
Ø get : getting : Memperoleh
Ø sit : sitting : duduk
Ø swim : swimming : berenang
Ø put : Putting : Meletakkan
- bila kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf “e” dan ingin kita tambahkan ing maka hituf e tersebut harus kita hilangkan barulah kita tambahkan ing
Example :
Ø smoke : Smoking : Merokok
Ø prepare : Preparing : memersiapkan
Ø come : coming : datang
Ø drive : driving : mengendarai
- apabila kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf “ie” maka kita harus hilangkan huruf “ie” dan kita ganti dengan huruf “y” lalu boleh ditambahkan ing
Example :
Ø lie : lying : berbohong
Ø tie : tying : Mengikuti
Ø die : dying : Mati/ sekarat
5 apabila kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf “y” maka langsung saja tambahkan ing
Example :
Ø Pray : praying : berdoa
Ø Play : Playing : bermain
Ø Study : Studying : belajar
Ø Enjoy : enjoying : menikmati
Ø Cry : Crying : menangis
EXCEPTION ( PENGECUALIAN )
Ada sejumlah kata meskipun yang terjadi pada saat sekarang ( sedang dibicarakan) tidak dapat kita tambahkan ing
1. anggota tubuh ( kata kerja yang merupakan anggota tubuh.
Example :
Ø hear : mendengar
Ø smell : mencium
Ø see : melihat
Ø teste : merasakan
2. kata kerja yang melukiskan perasaan atau Verb motion tidak dapat ditambahkan ing
Example :
Ø realize : menyadari
Ø expect : mengharap
Ø like : suka
Ø dislike : tidak suka
Ø mind : ingatan
Ø remind : mengingatkan
Ø know : mengetahui
Ø believe : percaya
Ø want : ingin
Ø forget : lupa
Ø remember : mengingat
Ø refuse : menolak
Ø astinish : heran
3. kata kerja menunjukan kepunyaan
Ø own
Ø owe
Ø belong to
Example :
Ø I belong to you and you belong to me
Note : mengatasi kejadian yang menggunakan sejumlah kata dari EXCEPTION maka kita harus mencari kata kerja yang sama arti ( No exception)
Ø See : look : Looking
Hear : listen : Listening
SEVENTH PATTERN : PAST FORM
In this pattern we are going to study about the past form but we don’t learn for the contruction of past tense sentense. But we will study for the form of verb are “ Regular Verb” and “Irregular Verb” to remain about the sentense of past tense is
Auxiliarry in past
| Present | Past |
| Can | Could + V1 |
| Must | Had to + V1 |
| May | Might + V1 |
| Used to | Used to + V1 |
| Shall | Should + V1 |
| Will | Would + V1 |
| Had better | Had better + Have + V3 |
| Dare | Dared |
| Is am | Was |
| Are | Were |
| Do / does | Did |
| Ought to | Should |
| Would rather | Would rather + have + V3 |
| Ought to | Should + have + V3 |
Example :
Ø I can believe you at present but I could belive you yesterday
v The Irregular Verb
Dapat dikelompokkan menjadi empat
1. semua kata kerja yang mempunyai bentuk sama V1 , V2, V3
Example :
| bit | bit | bit | : Mempertaruhkan |
| bid | bid | bid | : Menawarkan |
| cut | cut | Cut | : memotong |
| Cast | Cast | Cast | : Melempar |
| Cost | Cost | Cost | : Berharga |
2. Semua kata kerja yang memiliki dua bentuk sama V2, V3 atau V1 V3
Example :
| Feed | Fed | Fed | : memberi makan |
| Blead | Bled | Bled | : Berdarah |
| Leave | Left | Left | : Berangkat |
| Come | Came | Come | : datang |
3. semua kata kerja yang memiliki tiga bentuk yang berbeda
Example :
| Eat | Ate | Eaten | : makan |
| Drink | Drank | Drunk | : Minum |
| Forgive | Forgave | Forginen | : memaafkan |
4. semua kata kerja yang memiliki dua bentuk yang sama V1 dan V3
Ecample :
| Come | Came | Come | : datang |
| Run | Ran | Run | : berlari |
| Become | Became | Become | : menjadi |
The Regular Verb
Cara pembentukan kata kerja berbentuk Regular ke dalam Past Tense
- bila kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf “e” maka V2 dan V3 ditambahkan ed
Example :
| Cycle | Cycled | Cycled | : Bersepeda |
| Change | Changed | Changed | : Mengubah |
| Permite | Permited | Permited | : mengizinkan |
| Arrive | Arrived | Arrived | : tiba tiba |
| Lunge | Lunged | Lunged | : Menyerap |
- bila kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf “y” dan didahului dengan huruf mati maka V2 dan V3 diganti I lalu tambahkan ed
Example :
| Study | Studied | Studied | : Belajar |
| Cry | Cried | Cried | : Menangis |
| Reply | Replied | Replied | : membalas |
| Try | Tried | Tried | : Mencoba |
| Dry | Dried | Dried | : Mengeringkan |
| Carry | Carried | Carried | : Membawa |
- bila kata kerja berakhiran dengan huruf “y” dan didahului dengan huruf vokal maka hanya kita tambahkan ed
Example :
| Decay | Decayed | Decayed | : Membusuk |
| Display | Displayed | Displayed | : Memamerkan |
| Decay | Decayed | Decayed | : Membujuk |
- bila kata kerja diakhiri dengan huruf konsonan dan didahului dengan huruf vukal maka akhiran tersebut digandakan dan ditambahkan ed
Example :
| Stop | Stopped | Stopped | : Berhenti |
| Rob | Robbed | Robbed | : Merampok |
| Drib | Dribbed | Dribbed | : Menetes |
Cara pengucapan “ED” dalam kata kerja Past tense dan Past Participle diucapkan dengan cara:
- diucapkan “id” jika berada setelah huruf “T”
Example :
| Start | Started | Started | : Memulai |
| Visit | Visited | Visited | : Mengunjungi |
- diucapkan “id” jika berada setelah huruf “D”
Example :
| Need | Needed | Needed | : Membutuhkan |
| Attend | Attended | Attended | : Manghadiri |
EIGHTH and NINTH PATTERN : TENSES
IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Pada Pattern ini kita akan membahas bentuk aktive dan Passive. Sebenarnya Pattern ini dipisah tetapi demi memudahkan pembahasan maka kita gabungkan pattern delapan tentang tenses aktif dan sembilan tentang tenses passive. Pada tenses kelima kita telah membahas kelima tenses dasar ( Basical tense )dan untuk membahas tenses selanjutnya kita akan membahas dulu aturan aturan dalam kalimat passive :
Ø Object dalam kalimat aktive berubah subject dalam kalimat Passive / sebaliknya
Ø Kata kerja memiliki arti di atau ter
Ø Semua kata kerja menggunakan kata kerja bentuk ketiga ( Past Partiiple )
Ø Menggunakan kata penghubung By : oleh
Ø Menggunakan tobe baik present , past , future , dan perfect dan diikuti kata kerja ke tiga
- Present Passive Voice
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + TOBE (Is,am,are) + V3 + By + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I throw thw stone to the sky ( Active )
(The stone is thrown by me to the sky ( Passive ))
Ø She doesn’t do the working well
(The working isn’t done by her well)
Ø That painter paints my fice
(My fice is painted by that painer)
- Past Passive Voice
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + TOBE (Was , Were) + V3 + By + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø My mother cleaned my room yesterday
(My room was clened by mother yesterday)
Ø Everybody didn’t sell fish in the shop
(Fish wasn’t sold by everybody in the shop)
Ø The police shot that man
(That man was shot by the police)
- Future Passive Voice
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL + BE+ V3 + By + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø We will spend my holiday by swimming on the beach
(My holiday will be spend by us swimming on the beach)
Ø I shall not hang that picture in the room wall
(That picture shall not be hung by me in the room wall)
Ø Will your dog bites me?
(Will I be bitten by your dog?)
Ø Will my girlfriend choose me?
(Will Ibe choosen by my girlfriend?)
- Present Continouse Passive Voice
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + TOBE ( Is,am,are )+ BEING+ V3 + By + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø My sister is repairing a piano
Ø The piano is being repaired by my sister
Ø Jhone is making a kite now
Ø The kite is made by jhone
Ø I am writing a letter for her
Ø The letter is being writen by me for her
Ø Is she crying now and I am removing the chair
Ø Is she crying now because the chair is being removed by me
Ø They are buying the car in Jakarta
Ø The car is being bought by them in Jakarta
- Present Perfect Passive Voice
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAVE /HAS + BEEN + V3 + BY + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I have visited all the whole of Betung
Ø All the whole of Betung have been visited by me
Ø We have studied english for more than 50 years
Ø English has been studied by us for more than 50 years
- Past Continouse Tense
Yaitu bentuk waktu yang menerangkan suatu peristiwa yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau, di mana kajadian lain terjadi . menggunakan penghubung when dan as.
Past : S+ V2+ O+ Adv
Continouse : S+ Tobe {Is,am ,are}+ V1+Ing+ O+Adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + TOBE{WAS,WERE}+ V1+ING+OBJECT=ADVERB
EXAMPLE :
Ø I was sleeping when the phone rang
Ø As we were walking down the street .we saw a tribble accident
Bentuk waktu yang dapat kita pakai yaitu: when ,as .while. last, etc. Tapi jika hanya satu kejadian maka kita perlu menunjukkan sewaktu –waktu Past Continouse + adverb + Past
Exampel ;
v Ate 8 O’clock lastnight I was writing a eltter
v By this time yester day .I was writing for someone
Past continous tense passife voice
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + WAS /WERE + BEING +V3 + BY +OBJECT ADVERB
Exampel ;
v John was disscusing a problem
v The proplem was being disscused by john
v Lina was bringing a bag yesterday
v The bag was brought by Lina yesterday
- Past Perfect tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada masa lampau dimana peristiwa lain telah terjadi terlebih dahulu. Untuk peristiwa selanjutnya kita menggunakan bentuk Past Tense
Past :S + V2+O+Adv
Pervect :S+have/has+ V3+ O+Adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAD + V3 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive....
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN +| V3 + BY + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø The Quitanish had the played the amazing song
Ø The amazing song had been played by the Quitanish
Ø He had washed the car
Ø The car had been washed by him
Ø The dog had bitten my donkey
Ø My donkey had been bitten by the dog
Ø My grand father had built building last year
Ø The building had been built by my grandfather last year
- Past Future Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang terjadi pada masa lampau. Atau krjadian yang akan terjadi ketika peristiwa lain terjadi pula pada masa lampau
Past : S + V2 + O + Adv
Future : S + Shall/ Will + V1 + O + Adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHOULD / WOULD+ V1+ OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive.
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHOULD / WOULD+ BE + V3 + BY+ OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø They would give me a present
Ø I would be siven the present by them
Ø I would receive her as my girlfriend
Ø She would be received by me as my girlfriend
Ø My grandmother would make a cake for my birthday
Ø A cake would be made by my grand mother for my birthday
Ø I would buy the bag for studied in university
Ø The bag would be bought by me for studied in university
Ø She would kiss me if I gave her money
Ø I would be kissed by her if she was given by me money
- Future Continouse Tense
Bentuk waktu yang mennerangkan kwjadian yang akan sedang terjadi pada mas ayang akan datang
Future : S + Shall/Will + V1 + O + Adv
Continouse : S + Tobe + V1 + Ing + O + adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL+ BE + V1+ ING + OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL+ BE + BEING + V3 + BY+ OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I will be winning the game tomorrow
Ø The game will be being win by me tomorrow
Ø My mother will be making a dreess for me
Ø A dress will be being made by my mother for me
- Future Perfect Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan peristiwa yang akan tekah terjadi pada masa yang akan datang, atau akan telah selesai pada waktu tertentu. Dimana yang akan datang
Future : S + Shall/ Will + V1 + O + Adv
Perfect : S + Have / Has + V3 + O Adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL+ HAVE+ V3 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL+ HAVE+ BEEN + V3 + BY+ OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø Everyone will have come here by the end of this week
Ø They will have been here by the end of this day
Ø I shall have been at home when my brother comes home
Ø The report will have been finished by the end of this week
Ø I will have finished my study by the end of this year
Ø My study will have been finished by me by the end of this year
Ø I will have graduate from he school before I finished my course
- Future Perfect Continouse Tense
Bentuk waktu yang akan telah sedang terjadi pada masa yang akan datang.
Dan keterangan yang akan dipakai adalah By...
Exmple : By the time, By tomorrow morning, by next time, etc
Future : S + Shall / Will + V1 + O + Adv
Ferfect : S + Have / Has + V3 + O + Adv
Continouse : S + Tobe + V1 + Ing + O + adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL+ HAVE+ BEEN + V1 + ING + OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHALL / WILL+ HAVE+ BEEN + BEING + V3 + BY + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø We will have been following the course here for five months by next month
Ø The course will have been being by us herefor five month by next month
Ø She will have been working in this office by during next year
Ø I will have been doing this by tomorrow morning
Ø I will have been holding this factory by next month
Ø This factory will have been being held by me next month
- Past Future continouse Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang akan sedang terjadi pada masa lampau atau kejadian ayang akan sedang terjadi ketika kejadian lain juga telah terjadi pada waktu bersamaan.
Past : S + V2 + O + Adv
Future : S + Shall / Will + V1 + O + Adv
Continouse : S + Tobe + V1 + Ing + O + adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHOULD / WOULD+ BE+ V1 + ING + OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHOULD / WOULD+ BE+ BEING + V3 + BY + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I would be continuing their task when you came yesterday
Ø Their task would be being continued by them when you came Yesterday
Ø Jhone would be reading the letter when his mother came in
Ø The letter would be being read by jhone when his mother came in
Ø They would be discussing this problem when the manager called them
Ø Thes problem would be being discussed by them when the manager called them
Ø I would be changing my life when I gaduated from school
Ø My life would be being changed by me when I graduated from school
- Past Future Perfect Tense
Bentuk Waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang akan telah terjadi pada masa lampau
Past : S + V2 + O + Adv
Future : S + Shall / Will + V1 + O + Adv
Perfect : S + Have / Has + V3 + O + Adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHOULD / WOULD+ HAVE + V3 + OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHOULD / WOULD+ HAVE + BEEN + V3 + BY + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø She would have graduated from the school last year if she had studied diligently
Ø The school would have been graduated byher last year if she had studied diligently
Ø I would have killed you three months ago if you have been here
Ø You would have been killed by me three months ago if you have been here
Ø I would have invited you in my party last week
Ø You would have been invited by me in my party last week
Ø She would have sent a letter last week
Ø A letter would have been sent by her last week
NOTE : Tenses ini umumnya dipakai dalam kalimat pengandaian / kalimat yang kemungkinan tidak akan terjadi pada masa lampau.
- Perfect Continouse Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi ketika peristiwa itu sedang dibicarakan atau sedang berlangsung sampai batas waktu tertentu
Perfect : S + Have /Has + V3 +O + Adv
Continouse : S + Tobe + V1 + Ing + O + Adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAVE + BEEN+ V1 + Ing + OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAVE + BEEN+ BEIng + V3 + BY + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I have been doing my experiment up till now
Ø My experiment have been being done by me up till now
Ø How long have you been living in betung?
Ø How long have you been being come in my house?
Ø She has been distrubing me till now
Ø I have been being distrubed by her till now
Ø My father has been studying that ship during three years
Ø That ship has been being studied by my father during three years
NOTE : Biasanya tenses ini menggunakan bentuk pertanyaan “ How Long “
- Past Perfect Continouse Tense
Bentuk waktu yang menerangkan kejadian yang telah sedang terjadi pada masa lampau
Past : S + V2 + O Adv
Perfect : S + Have / Has + V3 + O Adv
Continouse : S + Tobe + V1 + ing + O + adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ V1 + Ing + OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ BEIng + V3 + BY + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I had been speaking english in front of them yesterday
Ø English had been being spoken by me in front of them yesterday
Ø She had been traveling to palembang last morning
Ø Palembang had been being traveled by her last morning
- Past Future Perfect Continoues Tense
Bentuk waktu yang meneranngkan kejadian yang akan telah sedang terjadi pada masa lampau
Past : S + V2 + O + Adv
Future : S + Shall / Will + V1 + O + Adv
Perfect : S + Have / Has + V3 + O + Adv
Continouse : S + Tobe + V1 + Ing + O + Adv
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHOULD / WOULD + HAVE + BEEN+ V1 + ING+ OBJECT + ADVERB
Untuk Passive
STRUCTUR
SUBJECT + SHOULD / WOULD + HAVE + BEEN + BEING+ V3 + BY + OBJECT + ADVERB
Example :
Ø I should have been making the poison for monkey
Ø The poison should have been being made by me for monkey
Ø I would have been forgiving his mistake
Ø His mistake would have been being forgiven by me
Ø They would have been brow beating the police in the office
Ø The police wouldhave been being browbisten by them in the office
Ø The painter would have been designing him on the paper
Ø He would have been being designed by the painter on the paper
TENTH PATTERN : INFINITIVE TO
Infinitife artinya kata kerja dasar / kata kerja bentuk pertama.
Infinitive terdiri dari :
1. Infinitive with to
2. Infinitive without to
Infinitive with to ( dengan to )
Penggunaannya.
1. Infinitive after adjective.
Example : she is afraid to say it to you
2. Infinitive after ordinal number : first, second, next, last future, etc.
Example : I am first to get this place
3. Jika di dahului kata kerja tertentu di bawah ini, kita tambahkan “to”
a Agree : setuju
a Refuse : Menolak
a Promise : berjanji
a Hope : berharap
a Manage : mengatur
a Learn : belajar
a Seem : rupa rupanya
a Fail : gagal
a Regret : menyesal
a Purpose : bermaksud, berniat
a Arrange : menyusun
a Undertake : berusaha
a Remember : ingat
a Forget : lupa
a Try : mencoba
a Neglect : lalai
Example : I regret to make you cry last night
4. Infinitive setelah kata benda
Example : I have some money to buy a car
5. Infinitive setelah kata “too” dan enough ( terlalu dan cukup )
Too : letakkan sebelum kata sifat
Enough : letakkan setelah kata sifat
Example : your coffee is too hot to drink
I am hard some enough to look at
6. Infinitive setelah kata kerja transitive ( kata kerja yang diikuti oleh objek )
· Allow : mengizinkan
· Ask : bertanya
· Forbid : melarang
· Order : menyuruh
· Forse : memaksa
· Persuade : merayu
· Remind : mengingatkan
· Tell : menceritakan
· Urgent : mendesak
· Encorage : mendorong
· Advise : menasehati
· Intruct : memberi perintah
Example : he persuade mother to ask for money
7. Infinitive setelah Exlamatory sentence ( kalimat seru )
How + adjective : Betapa /alangkah
Example : How happy to go with you
-untuk perfect infinitive
Digunakan setelah kata kerja : appear, seem, haappen, protent
“ menyatakan kejadian yang telah terjadi “
Example : I protent to have seem him before
8. Infinitive setelah kata tanya/inttrogative pronoun
Structure TOBE + V3
Example : I don’t like tobe considered as a naughty girl
9. Infinitive setelah kata tanya / introgative pronoun
Example : I don’t know how to thank to you
The Uses of Infinitive
1. Infinitive sebagai kata benda
Biasanya kita letakkan to di awal kalimat yang bertindak sebagai subject
Example : to sleep is good for health ( tidur baik bagi kesehatan )
2. Infinitive sebagai object dari kata kerja
Example : he likes to play with me ( dia suka bermain dengan ku )
3. Infinitive sebagai pelengkap kata benda.
Dengan cara menambahkan “be” setelah “to” dan diikuti oleh nonverb
Example : I was born tobe good boy
( saya dilahirkan menjadi anak yang baik )
4. Infinitive sebagai objek dari kata depan ( preposition )
Di letakkan infinitive to setelah kata depan
Example : I think before to speak ( saya berpikir sebelum berbicara )
Infinitive without to ( tanpa to)
a. Dihilangkan to apabila datang langsung setelah subject
Example : I to learn the book ( false )
I learn the book ( true )
b. Dihilangkan to apabila datang langsung setelah auxioliarry
Example : you may to think me everytime
You may think me everytime
c. Dihilangkan to apabila bertemu dengan setelah kata – kata di bawah ini :
-let : membiarkan
-see : melihat
-make : membuat
-Feel : merasa
-know : watch
-hear : mendengar
Example : they make you realize your mistake ( mereka membuat mu menyadari kesalahanmu )
d. Dihilangkan to sebelum adverb of manner ( kata sifat yang ditambahkan ly )
Exsmple : andi walks to slowly ( salah )
Andi walks slowly ( benar )
e. “to”tidak boleh digunakan pada kata kerja yang mengalai pikiran atau pendapat
· Except : mengharap
· Forget : lupa
· Know : menggetahui
· Prefer : lebih suka
· Realize : menyadari
· Remember : ingat
· Understand : mengerti
· Recognize : mengenal
f. Dihilangkan “to” sebelum kata – kata yang berhubungan dengan panca indra
· Notice : memberi tahu
· Hear : mendengar
· Smell : mencium
· See : melihat
· Teste : merasakan
Example : Anto wants to see ghost ( salah )
Anto wants see ghost ( benar )
g. Dihilangkan to setelah kata kerja “ Hama Helek “
· Ha : Have ( menyuruh )
· Ma : Make ( membuat )
· He : Help ( menolong )
· Le : Let ( membiarkan )
· K : Know ( mengetahui )
Example : He will not let me to steal in your shop ( Salah )
He will not let me steal in your shop ( benar )
ELEVENTH PATTERN : APHOSTROPE
Aphostrope adalah penekanan tanda kepunyaan atau kepemilikan benda terhadap benda lainnya, benda dengan kelompok benda, kelompok benda dengan kelompok benda lainnya.
· Aphostrope : Menggunakan ( ‘ )
· Aphostrope biasanya disebut dengan genetive cosse ( kasus kepunyaan )
Fungsi Aphostrope :,
Menghindari penggandaan kata benda
Penekanan arti sebuah kalimat
Aturan – aturan penggunaan aphostrope .
1. Jika benda yang memilikinya dan benda yang dimiliki berbentuk tunggal maka diberi aphoatrope ( ‘s )
Example : Rio’s dictionary
2. Jika yang memilikinya dalam bentuk tunggal merupakan nama orang yang berahiran dengan huruf “s” maka diberi aphostrope ( ‘ )
Example : Denies’ watch dhyas’s suit
3. Jika benda yang memilikinya merupakan nama orang yang jumlahnya lebih dari satu maka letakkan aphostrope ( ‘s ) pada nama terakhir
Example : ayu dan dinda’s book
4. Jika benda yang memilikinya dalam bentuk jamak yang ditsmbahkan s/es . maka berikan aphostrope ( ‘ )
Example : the students’ pens
5. Jika benda yang memilikinya dalam bentuk jamak tapi tidak ditambahkan s/es (irregular noun)
Kata benda yang tidask beraturan
Child : children
Fish : fish
Deer : Deer
Tooth : Teeth
Example : The children’s house
6. Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan benda kepunyaan dari hewan
Example : the erog’s head is small
The wow’s tail is long
7. Digunakan untuk menunjukan waktu
Example : A kilogram’s meat
An hour’s meeting
A kilometer’s marathon
A week’s travelling
Agram’s mecklace
8. Jika kedua benda sama sama benda mati maka aphostrope tidak digunakan tetapi menggunakan off
Examplew : the legs of the table ( kaki kaki meja itu )
9. Jikakata benda yang lebih besar dikatakan didepan maka “of” tidak digunakan
Example : the room window ( jendela kamar )
TWELFTH PATTERN : REPORTING SPEECH
Kalimat langsung artinya kalimat yang langsung diucapkan oleh pembicara
Bentuk Reporting Speech dibagi 3 macam :
1. Statement ( Pernyataan )
1. Statement ( Pernyataan )
2. command ( Perintah )
3. Question ( Pertanyaan )
Reporing speechmengalami 3 perubahan
- Pronoun
- tenses
- time signal ( Tanda waktu )
bertuk ini adalah jawaban langsung / tidak langsung dari orang ketiga
- statement
bentuk kalimat positive / negative biasa dan merupakan pernyataan dengan mengalami perubahan tenses, pronoun dan time signal.
- Perubahan Tenses
Direct Indirect
Present : Past
Past : Past Perfect
Future : Past Future
Perfect : Past Perfect
Continouse : Past Continouse
Past Continouse : Past Perfect Continouse
b. Perubahan Pronoun
1. as subject 2. as Object
| Direct | Indirect | | Direct | Indirect |
| I | She / he | | Me | Her / him |
| You | I | | You | Me |
| You | We | | You | Us |
| We | They | | Us | Them |
| They, she, he, it | Idem | | Them,her, him, it | Idem |
3.adjective 4.perubahan time signal
| my | His/her | | Now | Then |
| Your | My | | Next week | The following week |
| Your | Our | | Tomorrow | The following day |
| our | their | | Today | That day |
| Their, his, her, it | idem | | Yesterday | The previouse day |
| | This | That | ||
| | | | Ago | Before |
| | | | There | So |
| | | | To night | That night |
II . COMMAND
Untuk bentuk ini, kita menggunakan kata penghubung kata penghubung “to” dan aturan tenses tidak berlakutidak didahului subject
· command / perintah
1. order : memesan
2. Out cry :berteriak
3. Recomended : menganjurkan
· Precept /petunjuk ( nasehat
1. Advice : menasehati
2. Sugest : menyarankan
· Request :permohonan /permintaan
1. Ask for : meminta
· Entreaty : permohonan yang mendesak
1. Begged : sangat memohon
· Prohibition : larangan
1. Forbid : melarang
Example :
Comman :
Direct : I said “don’t come late”
Indirect : I ordered not to come late
Precept :
Direct : Teacher said “ don’t be lazy”
Indirect : he advice to student not tobe lazy
Request :
Direct : “ please, leave me alone here”. He said to me
Indirect : he asked for me toleave him alone there
III. Question sentence
· Tobe Question
Tobe present : is,am,are
Tobe past : was, were
Tobe future : shall be, will be
Tobe perfect : have been, has been
STRUCTURE : TOBE + S + NOUN / ADJECTIVE / ADVERB
Dalam kalimat langsung yang menggunakan “ tobe Question “ . maka dalam kalimat tidak langsung menggunakan if / whether yang artinya “apakah” setelah kalimat pelapor dengan diikuti penggantian tenses dan kalimatnya menjadi kalimat positif.
Example :
· She said is my father in the office ?
She said that whether her father was in the office?
· She said that if her father was in the office
Question by using Auxiliarry
1.Present tense : do/does
2.Past tense : did
3.Future tense : shall/will
4.Past future tense : should/ would
5.Present continouse : is, am, are
6.Present perfect : have / has
7.Past perfect : had
8.Past continouse : was/were
Note : Untuk kalimat langsung pertanyaan yang menggunakan aux maka, untuk kalimat tak langsungnya mangalami perubahan tense dan setelah Reporting speech nya ditambahkan if/ whether yan artinya “apakah”
Example :
Direct : she said “ does your father go to Bali?”
Indirect : she said that if/ whether my father went to Bali
- By using WH. WORD
Dalam kalimat direct and indirect speech dengan menggunakan “ WH. WERD” bila kalimat langsungnya menggunakan WH. WORD maka dalam kalimat tak langsungnya tetap menggunakan WH.WORD dengan menjadikan kalimat itu positif dengan perubahan atau pergantian seperti sebelumnya.
Example :
- She asked “what is your father?”
- She asked what my father was
